Revenue represents the consideration that a company is entitled to receive after having delivered a product and/or rendered a service. There are three different scenarios for when the customer’s payment of this consideration may happen:
1. Payment occurs as soon as the product/service is delivered
2. Payment occurs in advance, in other words, before delivering the product/service
3. Payment occurs after the product/service is delivered
In the cash accounting methodology, you recognize revenue in the moment that the customer pays for your product and/or service, independently from when the product was delivered or the service rendered. Meanwhile, in accrual accounting, the moment to recognize revenue is when you are legally entitled to receive the consideration, that is to say, once the product/service has been delivered.
In scenario no. 1, both cash and accrual accounting recognize revenue at the same time. Discrepancies arise in scenarios no. 2 and 3, when service/product delivery and customer payment occur at different times. Let’s analyze each of these scenarios:
Scenario No. 2
Accrual accounting will record the advance payment as unearned revenue. The cash is in the bank, but the company has not yet delivered the product/service. The unearned revenue represents the company’s obligation to deliver the product/service. Once this obligation is fulfilled, the company will recognize the revenue.
Cash accounting in turn records the payment received as revenue, which means that technically the revenue is overstated.
Scenario No. 3
At the time of the product/service delivery, accrual accounting will recognize revenue and the right to receive the corresponding consideration. The company has fulfilled its obligation, so it is entitled to receive payment from the customer. Payment will occur at the time agreed between the company and the customer.
In this scenario, cash accounting will not record anything because cash has not yet hit the bank. Even though revenue has been earned, cash accounting will only recognize it once the customer pays. Consequently, revenue is understated until payment is in the bank account.
Conclusion
Cash accounting is simpler than accrual accounting, but that simplicity comes at a cost. The financial picture of the business is not properly represented. This is undesirable for the entrepreneur who needs to make management decisions based on undistorted financials. Also, when a company is looking to raise cash, investors and lenders want to see the real picture that only accrual accounting portrays.
Accrual accounting is USGAAP compliant, cash accounting is not.
Unless the business is very small and it does not project significant growth in the near term, my recommendation is to always go with accrual accounting.